Mauritania

One of Africa's newest oil producers, Mauritania bridges the Arab Maghreb and western sub-Saharan Africa.

The largely-desert country presents a cultural contrast, with an Arab-Berber population to the north and black Africans to the south. Many of its people are nomads.

In the Middle Ages Mauritania was the cradle of the Almoravid movement, which spread Islam throughout the region and for a while controlled the Islamic part of Spain.

European traders began to show interest in Mauritania in the 15th century. France gained control of the coastal region in 1817, and in 1904 a formal French protectorate was extended over the territory.

Morocco opposed the country's independence in 1960 and for a time tried to absorb it. But Morocco's King Hassan II later improved ties as part of his plan to divide Western Sahara.

The eventual deal in 1976 brought more problems, though, with Mauritania coming under attack by Polisario Front guerrillas, who opposed Moroccan control of Western Sahara, and the subsequent downfall of the leader since independence - Moktar Ould Daddah - in a military coup.

Peace was agreed with the Polisario in 1979, but this in turn worsened relations with Morocco, until a detente in 1985. More recently, ties with Senegal have been strained over the use of the Senegal River, which forms the border between the two countries.

Mauritania officially banned slavery in 1981. The government has denied accusations that it is still being practised.

One of the world's poorest countries, Mauritania has pinned hopes for future prosperity on the exploitation of its offshore reserves of oil and natural gas. The Chinguetti and Tiof fields are expected to yield millions of barrels of oil.

The country forged diplomatic ties with Israel in 1999, one of three Arab nations to have done so, but suspended them in January 2009 in protest at Israel's military operation in Gaza. It closed the Israeli embassy in March.

Under former President Maaouiya Ould Sid Ahmed Taya, Mauritania was an ally of the US in its "war on terror". American special forces were despatched to train Mauritanian troops.

Al-Qaeda militants operating in Mauritania, Algeria and Mali have become increasingly active, kidnapping and killing several foreigners.

Mauritania's response has been to take an increasingly tough line against the militants, refusing to negotiate with al-Qaeda over hostages.

Full name: The Islamic Republic of Mauritania Population: 3.3 million (UN, 2010) Capital: Nouakchott Area: 1.04 million sq km (398,000 sq miles) Major languages: Arabic (official), French, others Major religion: Islam Life expectancy: 56 years (men), 60 years (women) (UN) Monetary unit: 1 ouguiya = 5 khoums Main exports: Fish and fish products, iron ore, gold GNI per capita: US $960 (World Bank, 2009) Internet domain: .mr International dialling code: +222

President: Mohamed Ould Abdelaziz

Gen Abdelaziz came to power in a coup

General Mohamed Ould Abdelaziz came to power by ousting his democratically-elected predecessor, President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, in a military coup in August 2008.

Nearly a year later, he won his own democratic mandate by being elected president in elections held under an agreement with coup opponents in July 2009.

The official results gave Gen Abdelaziz 52%, well ahead of the second placed candidate, parliament speaker Messaoud Ould Boulkheir, who got 16%.

The main opposition candidates claimed the result was fabricated and merely designed to legitimise Gen Abdelaziz's military rule, but international observers said the vote had been largely free and fair. Sid'Ahmed Ould Deye, the head of the Electoral Commission, resigned after expressing his own doubts about the result.

After his win, the new president-elect said he would strengthen Mauritania's army to "fight terrorism in all its forms".

Previously serving as President Abdallahi's chief of the presidential staff, he toppled his boss when Mr Abdallahi tried to dismiss him in August 2008, amid reports of a political rift between the two men.

Gen Abdelaziz had also been instrumental in the 2005 coup that overthrew former President Maaouiya Ould Taya and installed the coup leader Ely Ould Mohamed Vall as president.

President Abdallahi's overthrow was one of 11 coups or attempted coups since independence from France in 1960. He won a presidential vote in March 2007 to become Mauritania's first democratically-elected president since independence.

Although Mauritania's TV and radio stations are state-owned, privately-owned publications are permitted. In 2010, MPs passed a law to liberalise broadcasting, paving the way for private radio and TV stations.

Reporters Without Borders, in its review of 2007, said press freedom was "alive and well", and "much better" than under the Taya regime.

However, journals may be banned for publishing material that "undermines" Islam or is perceived to threaten national security.

The BBC is available on FM in the capital (106.9) and in the second city, Nouadhibou (102.4). Radio France Internationale is also relayed.

The press

Chaab - state-run daily, in Arabic Horizons - state-run daily, in French Journal Officiel - government journal of record Le Calame - private weekly L'Eveil-Hebdo - private weekly Rajoul Echaree - private Akhbar Nouakchott - private, Arabic daily Nouakchott Info - private, French-language daily

Television

Radio

• Radio Mauritanie - state-run, programmes in Arabic and French

News agency

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