Morocco

The Kingdom of Morocco is the most westerly of the North African countries known as the Maghreb.

Strategically situated with both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines, but with a rugged mountainous interior, it stayed independent for centuries while developing a rich culture blended from Arab, Berber, European and African influences.

Morocco was a French protectorate from 1912 to 1956, when Sultan Mohammed became king. He was succeeded in 1961 by his son, Hassan II, who ruled for 38 years. He played a prominent role in the search for peace in the Middle East, given the large number of Israelis of Moroccan origin, but was criticised for suppressing domestic opposition.

A truth commission set up to investigate human rights violations during Hassan's reign has confirmed nearly 10,000 cases, ranging from death in detention to forced exile.

After his death in 1999 Hassan was succeeded by his son, who became King Mohammed VI and was seen as a moderniser. There has been some economic and social liberalisation, but the monarch has retained sweeping powers.

Morocco is bidding for membership of the European Union, its main trade partner, but there appears to be little enthusiasm for this within the bloc.

Marrakesh, known as the "red city" for its clay walls and ramparts

To the south, the status of Western Sahara remains unresolved. Morocco annexed the territory in 1975 and a guerrilla war with Algerian-backed pro-independence forces ended in 1991. UN efforts have failed to break the political deadlock.

To the north, a dispute with Spain in 2002 over the tiny island of Perejil revived the issue of the sovereignty of Melilla and Ceuta. The small enclaves on the Mediterranean coast are surrounded by Morocco and have been administered by Madrid for centuries.

Morocco has been given the status of non-Nato ally by Washington, which has praised its support for the US-led war on terror. After deadly suicide bombings in Casablanca in 2003, Morocco launched a crackdown on suspected Islamic militants.

Full name: The Kingdom of Morocco Population: 32.3 million (UN, 2010) Capital: Rabat Largest city: Casablanca Area: 710,850 sq km (274,461 sq miles) (including W Sahara) Major languages: Arabic (official), Berber, French, Spanish Major religion: Islam Life expectancy: 70 years (men), 75 years (women) (UN) Monetary unit: Dirham = 100 centimes Main exports: Minerals, seafood products, citrus fruit GNI per capita: US $2,790 (World Bank, 2009) Internet domain: .ma International dialling code: +212

King: King Mohammed VI

Groomed for "kingship", as his late father King Hassan II referred to his upbringing, Mohammed VI became monarch in 1999.

King Mohammed VI embarked on reforms

He initiated political and economic changes and an investigation into human rights abuses during his father's rule.

The king says the fight against poverty is a priority, earning him the name "guardian of the poor". Economic liberalisation has attracted foreign investment and officials point to better basic services in shanty towns and rural areas. But some non-government groups say little has changed, with poverty still widespread and unemployment remaining high.

A key reform has been the Mudawana, a law which grants more rights to women. The king has said it is in line with Koranic principles, but religious conservatives have opposed it.

Bomb attacks in Casablanca in 2003 prompted the enactment of new anti-terrorism laws and a reinvigorated campaign against extremists. But some rights groups say the measures have eroded human rights.

King Mohammed married computer engineer Salma Bennani in 2002. They have a son, Crown Prince Moulay Hassan, born in 2003, and a daughter, Princess Lalla Khadija, born in 2007.

Under the constitution, the king can dissolve parliament and dismiss or appoint the prime minister. After protesters demanding political reform took to the streets in February 2011, King Mohammed announced a wide-ranging review of the constitution.

Prime minister: Abbas El Fassi

Mr El Fassi, leader of the conservative Istiqlal Party, took office in September 2007 after his party emerged as the largest in parliamentary elections.

Born in 1940, Mr El Fassi has served as a minister and diplomat since 1977, including a stint as ambassador to France in 1990-1994. He was minister of state in the coalition government of his predecessor, Driss Jettou, from 2002-2007.

His government also includes the Socialist Union of Popular Forces, the National Rally of Independents, and the Party of Progress and Socialism.

The broadcast media are either dominated by the state or reflect the official line. However, the private press has succeeded in breaking taboos over some sensitive topics, including allegations of high-level corruption.

Satellite TV is widely used in Morocco

Paris-based Reporters Without Borders notes that "religion, the king and the monarchy in general, the country and territorial integrity cannot be questioned." The Press Law provides for prison terms for errant journalists.

The government owns, or has a stake in, RTM and 2M, Morocco's main TV networks. Satellite dishes are widely used, giving access to French and pan-Arab stations.

There were 10.4 million internet users by December 2009 (Internetworldstats.com). There is no policy of widespread site filtering. Bloggers generally avoid sensitive topics, such as Western Sahara and the royal family.

The press

Television

Radio-Television Marocaine (RTM) - operates state-run Television Marocaine (TVM) 2M - partly state-owned Al Maghribiya - satellite channel operated by RTM and 2M, aimed at Moroccans living abroad Medi 1 Sat - Tangier-based satellite channel, privately-owned by Moroccan and French concerns

Radio

Radio-Television Marocaine (RTM) - state-run, operates national networks in Arabic, French and regional services Medi 1 - Tangier-based, privately-owned by Moroccan and French concerns, programmes in Arabic and French

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News agency

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